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John locke biography timeline John Locke Biography. John Locke was a British philosopher, Oxford academic and medical researcher. Locke's was a government official who collected information about trade and colonies, economic writer, opposition political activist. views • 6 slides.

John locke

  • 1. John Locke to Liberalism as a political creed began with him…no liberals before Locke there were many socialists before Marx Offered a theory which combined…Constitutionalism (impact of Shaftsbury), Stability, Freedom, Consent, Property, Tolerance (impact of Shaftsbury)…western democracies development [England, America, France & Holland]

  • 2.

    Neither Whig nor defended Glorious revolution- Laslett An apologist and a theorist of bourgeois society- Macpherson A Revolutionary- Ashcraft Champion of Individuality Collectivist

  • 3. Locke and the Glorious Revolution • Locke was seen as the apostle of the revolution and the second treatise as a justification for revolution • Two treatises contain radical and moderate ideas • Two treatises espoused and defended freedom, consent and property as cardinal principles of legitimate political power

  • 4.

    • State of Nature – NOT gloomy and pessimistic (≠ Hobbes) – Perfect equality and freedom between individuals regulated by the laws of nature – Moral state – Human beings social & pacific…but disputes – Peace was not secure…because of corrupt and vicious men – Lacked 3 important wants • Established law • Indifferent judge • Executive to enforce just decisions • Need for civil society •To protect, preserve and enlarge freedom • Stages: State of Nature-Civil society with vibrant economy- Government…

  • 5.

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    John Locke was an English philosopher born in who is regarded as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers. He is known as the "Father of Classical Liberalism". Locke lived in England and France, holding government jobs. He was friends with prominent nobles and scholars.

    • GOVERNMENT – No to divine origin of state/divine rights of kings – Government (Fiduciary power- relationship between a trustee and a beneficiary)…people supreme power – Within Govt. legislative supreme – Government could not deprive individuals material possessions (Property)…Property prior to government – Separation of legislative and executive (Pre-empting Montesquieu)…3rd wing federative power for external relations – Realized the impossibility of unanimity in every action…so majority rule…  5 occasions to change/dissolve Govt.

    – Arbitrary will in the place of laws – Hindrance to legislature – Elections altered without consent – Delivery of people into the subjection of foreign power – Laws could not be executed Right of disobedience could be exercised by majority and not by one person or a small group POLITICAL POWER – Origin of political power WITHOUT abandoning religious foundations… – viewed absolute political power illegitimate…limited sovereignty (≠ Filmer, ≠ Hobbes)… – Political power as trust…

  • 6.

    Consent political obligation • 2nd treatise explains – Direct consent – Tacit consent – Not committed to unconditional obligation

  • 7. • Freedom – Self preservation and preservation of others – Individual derived their natural rights to life, liberty and estate (property) – Liberty within the limits of natural laws – Human beings also have natural duties – natural laws were those reason dictated – Religious toleration…pluralism – Against wasting, squandering, spoiling or destroying

  • 8.

    • Parental and Patriarchal Authority – Parental authority natural…but limited,conditional – Parents (Mother = Father) need honours – Right to inheritance…for children’s survival – Wife has liberty but not =Husband… – Women contributor to civic culture…but Locke not expanded political activity for them

  • 9. • Criticism – Accepted inequality – with and those without property… • Refutation – Property with moral dimension

  • • Conclusion – First exponent of the doctrine of civil society – Faith in the ordinary man-so democratic representation • Other concepts: opposed colonization…because depletion of good people & fear of competition… • Before Locke…problem of scarcity…Plato to Hobbes period • Admirations:  Guide and spiritual father of 18th century enlightenment  One of the founders of modern empiricism  Inspiration for early feminists…because…belief in supremacy of reason, rejection of patriarchy and political absolutism, importance of nurture as opposed to nature

  • • Two Treatises was a response to the political situation as it existed in England.

    The arguments of the two treatises are continuous and that the whole constitutes a justification of the Glorious Revolution, which brought the Protestant William III and Mary II to the throne • The first treatise The first treatise was aimed squarely at the work of another 17th- century political theorist, Sir Robert Filmer, whose Patriarcha (, though probably written in the s) defended the theory of divine right of kings: the authority of every king is divinely sanctioned • Locke claims that Filmer’s doctrine - The right to rule by descent -defies “common sense.”

  • • The second treatise – Locke’s importance as a political philosopher lies in the argument of the second treatise.

    Political Power Begins by defining political power Locke’s definition of political power has an immediate moral dimension.

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    • It is a “right” of making laws and enforcing them for “the public good.” Power for Locke never simply means “capacity” but always “morally sanctioned capacity.” Property his notion of property, which is of central importance to his political theory property in his own person- but one can acquire property beyond one’s own body through labour-this view of Locke forerunner of the labour theory of value [to utilize the body as a tool to labour/creation we need ability/knowledge/wisdom…however the ability/knowledge/wisdom are largely construction of society…a hierarchical social order will not support all to take benefits of their own body…so reservation policy may help to achieve the same…nevertheless…individuals who are able to exercise ability/knowledge/wisdom should voluntarily or legally excluded from such policy]

  • • The second treatise Locke returns to political society in Chapter VIII of the second treatise.

    Organization of government In the community created by the social contract, the will of the majority should prevail, subject to the law of nature. there should be a division of legislative, executive, and judicial powers. The legislature may, with the agreement of the majority, impose such taxes as are required to fulfill the ends of the state

  • • Locke’s writings were not confined to political philosophy and epistemology.

    Some Thoughts Concerning Education (), for example, remains a standard source in the philosophy of education. – Superiority of private tutoring for the education of young gentlemen – Opposed the scholastic method and harsh discipline of the schools, favored an all-round, wholesome, common-sense education – Locke holds that knowledge is entirely the product of experience, for the mind at birth is an "empty tablet“(“tabula rasa”) – Native propensities – Relation between teacher and pupil-critic, disciplinarian, a friend

  • • Moral contractualism is the view that the rightness and wrongness of our conduct is somehow to be understood in terms of some kind of actual or counterfactual agreement.

    This must be distinguished from political contractualism, which adduces agreements in order to account for the justice or authority or legitimacy of political institutions or decisions. Versions of contractualism differ in terms of how they specify the agreements.

    John locke biography powerpoint samples John Locke was an English philosopher born in who is regarded as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers. He is known as the "Father of Classical Liberalism". Locke lived in England and France, holding government jobs. He was friends with prominent nobles and scholars.

    The two main versions of contractualism are Hobbesian contractualism (sometimes called “contractarianism”), which is based on the idea of a self-interested bargain or contract between self-interested individuals for the sake of individual gain, and Kantian contractualism, which is based on the idea of a morally constrained agreement among individuals who regard themselves and one another as free and equal persons warranting moral respect.

    This article will say something about the historical sources of contractualism, but will focus primarily on recent discussions. • Source: /oboxml

  • Source: • Locke#ref • df

  • Check yourself 1. Filmer and not Hobbes was the main antagonist of Locke- Comment 2. Locke’s arguments were politically radical, but far being secular-Do you agree?

    John locke biography summary John Locke () was an English philosopher considered one of the founders of liberalism. He offered a theory of government that combined constitutionalism, stability, freedom, consent of the governed, protection of property rights, and tolerance.

    3. American slogan “No taxes without representation” was Lockean spirit - how?