Palestine president and prime minister
Mahmoud Abbas
President of Palestine since
For other people named Mahmoud Abbas, see Mahmoud Abbas (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Ali Mahmoud Abbas.
Mahmoud Abbas (Arabic: مَحْمُود عَبَّاس, romanized:&#;Maḥmūd ʿAbbās; born 15 November ), also known by the kunyaAbu Mazen (Arabic: أَبُو مَازِن, ʾAbū Māzin), is a Palestinian politician who has been serving as the president of the State of Palestine and the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) since [6] He has been the chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) since , PNA president since January , and State of Palestine president since May Abbas is also a member of the Fatah party and was elected chairman in
Abbas was elected on 9 January to serve as President of the Palestinian National Authority until 15 January , but extended his term until the next election in , citing the PLO constitution, and on 16 December was voted into office indefinitely by the PLO Central Council.
As a result, Fatah's main rival, Hamas, initially announced that it would not recognize the extension or view Abbas as the rightful president.[8][9] Nonetheless, Abbas is internationally recognized in his position(s) and Hamas and Fatah conducted numerous negotiations in the following years,[10] leading to an agreement in April for a Unity Government (which lasted until October ) and to the recognition of his office by Hamas.[3] Abbas was also chosen as the president of the State of Palestine by the PLO Central Council on 23 November ,[1] a position he had held unofficially since 8 May [11]
Abbas served as the first prime minister of the Palestinian Authority from March to September [12] Before being named prime minister, Abbas led the PLO Negotiations Affairs Department.
Abbas has been subject to both criticism and controversy, having been accused of corruption, as well as distorting Jewish history and engaging in Holocaust denial.[13][14]
Early and personal life
Mahmoud Rida Abbas[15] was born on 15 November [16] in Safed, in the Galilee region of Mandatory Palestine (now Israel).[17] His family fled to Syria during the Palestine war.[17] Before going to Egypt, Abbas graduated from the University of Damascus, where he studied law.[18]
Abbas later entered graduate studies at the Patrice Lumumba University in Moscow, where he earned a Candidate of Sciences degree[19][20] (the Soviet equivalent of a PhD).
His doctoral dissertation was The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism.[21]
He is married to Amina Abbas, and together they had three sons. The eldest, Mazen Abbas, ran a building company in Doha and died in Qatar of a heart attack in at the age of [22] The kunya of Abu Mazen means "father of Mazen." Their second son is Yasser Abbas, a Canadian businessman who was named after former PA leader Yasser Arafat.[23] The youngest son is Tareq, a business executive.
Abbas has eight grandchildren, six of whom are part of the Seeds of Peace initiative bringing them in touch with young Israelis.[24]
Political activism and career
In the mids, Abbas became heavily involved in underground Palestinian politics, joining a number of exiled Palestinians in Qatar, where he was Director of Personnel in the emirate's Civil Service.
While there in , he was recruited to become a member of Fatah, founded by Yasser Arafat and five other Palestinians in Kuwait in the late s.[25] At the time, Arafat was establishing the groundwork of Fatah by enlisting wealthy Palestinians in Qatar, Kuwait, and other Gulf States.[citation needed]
According to Abu Daoud, part of the funds raised by Abbas were used, without the latter's knowledge, to implement the Munich massacre.[26] He was among the first members of Fatah to call for talks with moderate Israelis, doing so in In a interview, he recalled, "[] because we took up arms, we were in a position to put them down with credibility."[27]
In , Abbas called for the repatriation of Arab Jews to their countries of origin, receiving the approval of Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Iraq, Yemen, and Sudan.[28]
Abbas has performed diplomatic duties, presenting a moderating contrast to the PLO's "revolutionary" policies.[17] Abbas was the first PLO official to visit Saudi Arabia after the Gulf War in January to mend fences with the Gulf countries after the PLO's support of Iraq during the Persian Gulf War strained relations.
In the Oslo I Accord, Abbas was the signatory for the PLO on 13 September He published a memoir, Through Secret Channels: The Road to Oslo ().[29]
In , he and Israeli negotiator Yossi Beilin wrote the Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement, which was meant to be the framework for a future Israeli–Palestinian peace deal.[citation needed]
It emerged in September that Abbas may have once worked for the KGB, as early as in Damascus, according to a document uncovered in the Mitrokhin Archive, where he is registered as agent "Krotov".
Palestinian officials replied that at the time in question, the PLO collaborated with Moscow, and that Abbas was their liaison man in the Palestinian-Soviet friendship foundation.[30][31]
Prime minister
By early , as Israel and the United States refused to negotiate with Yasser Arafat, it was thought that Abbas would be a candidate for the kind of leadership role envisaged by both countries.
As one of the few remaining founding members of Fatah, he had some degree of credibility within the Palestinian cause, and his candidacy was bolstered by the fact that other high-profile Palestinians were for various reasons not suitable (the most notable, Marwan Barghouti, was a prisoner in Israeli jail after having been convicted on charges of being responsible for multiple murders by an Israeli court).
Abbas's reputation as a pragmatist garnered him favor with the West and some members of the Palestinian legislature.
Palestine president abbas biography wikipedia Mahmoud Abbas is the president of the Palestinian Authority (–). He was instrumental in laying the foundations for peace with Israel and for Palestinian self-determination, and he was a key negotiator of the Oslo Accords. His presidency, however, was plagued by deep factionalism and a stalled peace process.Under international pressure, on 19 March , Arafat appointed Abbas Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority. According to Gilbert Achcar, the United States imposed Abbas on Arafat, the democratically elected leader, though the majority of Palestinians thought of Abbas as a Quisling.[32]
A struggle for power between Arafat and Abbas ensued.[33] Abbas's term as prime minister was characterised by numerous conflicts between him and Arafat over the distribution of power.
The United States and Israel accused Arafat of undermining Abbas and his government. Abbas hinted he would resign if not given more control over the administration. In early September , he confronted the Palestinian parliament over this issue.[citation needed]
Abbas came into conflict with Palestinian militant groups, notably the Palestinian Islamic Jihad Movement and Hamas because his pragmatic policies were opposed to their hard-line approach.
Initially, he pledged not to use force against the militants in the interest of avoiding a civil war, and attempted negotiation. This was partially successful, resulting in a pledge from the two groups to honor a unilateral Palestinian cease-fire. However, continuing violence and Israeli "targeted killings" of known leaders forced Abbas to pledge a crackdown in order to uphold the Palestinian Authority's side of the Road map for peace.
This led to a power struggle with Arafat over control of the Palestinian Security Services; Arafat refused to release control to Abbas, thus preventing him from using them on the militants. Abbas resigned as prime minister on 6 September , citing lack of support from Israel and the United States as well as "internal incitement" against his government.[4][12]
After Yasser Arafat's death, Abbas was seen, at least by Fatah, as his natural successor.
On 25 November , Abbas was endorsed by Fatah's Revolutionary Council as its preferred candidate for the presidential election, scheduled for 9 January On 14 December, Abbas called for an end to violence in the Second Intifada and a return to peaceful resistance.
Abbas told the Asharq Al-Awsat newspaper that "the use of arms has been damaging and should end." However, he refused, or was not able, to disarm Palestinian militants and use force against groups designated as terrorist organisations.[citation needed]
With Israeli forces arresting and restricting the movement of other candidates, Hamas's boycott of the election, and his campaign being given 94% of the Palestinian electoral campaign coverage on TV, Abbas's election was virtually ensured, and on 9 January Abbas was elected with 63% of the vote as President of the Palestinian National Authority.[34]
In his speech, he addressed a crowd of supporters chanting "a million shahids", stating: "I present this victory to the soul of Yasser Arafat and present it to our people, to our martyrs and to 11, prisoners".
He also called for Palestinian groups to end the use of arms against Israelis.[35]
Presidency and PLO leadership
Despite Abbas's call for a peaceful solution, attacks by militant groups continued after his election, in a direct challenge to his authority. The Palestinian Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine launched a raid in Gaza on 12 January , that killed one and wounded three Israeli military personnel.[36] On 13 January, Palestinians from the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades, Hamas, and the Popular Resistance Committees launched a suicide attack on the Karni crossing, killing six Israelis.[36] As a result, Israel shut down the damaged terminal and broke off relations with Abbas and the Palestinian Authority, stating that Abbas must now show a gesture of peace by attempting to stop such attacks.[37] Abbas was formally sworn in as the President of the Palestinian National Authority in a ceremony held on 15 January, in the West Bank town of Ramallah.[38]
In February , Abbas met with Israeli prime minister Ariel Sharon at the Sharm el-Sheikh Summit to end the Second Intifada, and they both reaffirmed their commitment to the Roadmap for peace process.
Sharon also agreed to release Palestinian prisoners of the 7, being held at the time,[39] and to withdraw from West Bank towns.
On 9 August , Abbas announced that legislative elections, originally scheduled for 17 July , would take place in January On 20 August, he set the elections for 25 January.[40] On 15 January , Abbas declared that, despite unrest in Gaza, he would not change the election date, unless Israel were to prevent Palestinians in East Jerusalem from voting.[41] The elections took place on 25 January , and resulted in a decisive Hamas victory.
In January , in the context of Fatah's election loss and Hamas' presumed future one party government, Abbas said that he would not run for office again at the end of his term.[42] However, following international sanctions against a Hamas one party government, political and military conflicts between Hamas and Fatah, and the division of the country, which made new elections impossible, Abbas stayed president after the expiration of his four-year term on 15 January He extended his term for another year, using another interpretation of the Basic Law and the Election Law, so he could align the next presidential and parliamentary elections.
Pointing to the Palestinian constitution, Hamas disputed the validity of this move, and considered Abbas's term to have ended, in which case Abdel Aziz Duwaik, Speaker of the Palestinian Legislative Council, would have become acting president.[9][8]
In December , the leadership of the Palestinian Central Council announced an indefinite extension of Abbas's term as president.
Since then, Abbas has remained president of the Fatah-controlled areas of the Palestinian territories.[43] In April , Hamas withdrew its objection, in order to form a Unity Government with Fatah.[3]
Abbas has supported the blockade of the Gaza Strip as a means of weakening Hamas. In , Abbas declared that he opposed lifting the Israeli naval blockade of the Gaza Strip because this would bolster Hamas.
Egypt also supported this position.[44] In and subsequent years, Abbas supported Egypt's crackdown on smuggling tunnels and welcomed the flooding of the tunnels by Egypt in coordination with the PA.[45][46][47] In , Abbas objected to the entrance of Qatari fuel to the Gaza electricity plant via Israel, because his PA would be unable to collect taxes on the fuel.[48]
In December , Abbas signed an application for Palestine to join the International Criminal Court,[49] just one day after the UN Security Council voted against a resolution demanding the end of Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories and statehood for Palestine by [50] The threat of joining the ICC and suing Israel for war crimes had been considered by Palestinian officials for years prior, but the move was seen as a diplomatic "last resort." The decision came as Abbas's administration dealt with allegations of corruption and mismanagement, potential political challenges from rival parties and other Fatah members, and low approval ratings.[49]
In August , Abbas announced his resignation as chairman of the executive committee of the PLO,[51] and subsequently called for an emergency meeting of the PNC to hold an election.
The announcement drew criticisms and speculation as to his motives.[52][53] His proposed special session of the PNC was postponed indefinitely,[54] and he remains acting chairman of the PLC as of October
In , local elections in Palestine were held amidst a rift between Abbas and Hamas.[55] This was after he had indefinitely postponed the presidential election and parliamentary elections.[56]
During the Israel–Hamas war, Abbas rejected "practices of killing civilians or abusing them on both sides because they contravene morals, religion and international law."[57] He called for the "release of civilians, prisoners and detainees" and expressed concern about the consequences of Israel's total blockade of the Gaza Strip.[58] Abbas declared three days of mourning following the Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion and canceled a planned meeting with U.S.
president Joe Biden.[59] In February , he called the Al-Rashid humanitarian aid incident an "ugly massacre" that was perpetrated by the "Israeli occupation army."[60]
Political relations
See also: List of international presidential trips made by Mahmoud Abbas
With Israel
In January , Israeli radio reported that Abbas had secured a thirty-day ceasefire from Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad.
Palestine president abbas biography children: President Mahmoud Abbas, was born in the city of Safad, in November 15th In the aftermath of the Nakbeh (Catastrophe) of Mahmoud Abbas, along with his family and many Palestinians were forced to leave their home town and become refugees in Syria.
On 12 February, lone Palestinians attacked Israel settlements and Abbas quickly fired some of his security officers for not stopping the attacks during the ceasefire.
In April , Abbas said that the killing of three Palestinians in southern Gaza by Israeli soldiers was a deliberate violation of the declared ceasefire deal. "This violation is made on purpose," Abbas said in a written statement sent to reporters in the West Bank capital of Ramallah.
Abbas made the statement shortly after three Palestinian teenage boys were shot dead by Israeli troops in the southern Gaza town of Rafah. Israel claimed they thought the boys were attempting to smuggle weapons, while Palestinians claimed a group of boys were playing soccer and three of them went to retrieve the ball near the border fence.[61]
In July , he announced that he would move his office to Gaza until the complete withdrawal of Israeli troops in order to coordinate the Palestinian side of the withdrawal, mediating between the different factions.[62]
In March , Abbas stated he was suspending peace talks with Israel, while Israeli prime minister Ehud Olmert vowed to press on with military operations against militants who have been launching home-made rockets into southern Israel.[63]
In May Abbas said he would resign from his office if the current round of peace talks had not yielded an agreement in principle "within six months".
He also said that the current negotiations were, in effect, deadlocked: "So far, we have not reached an agreement on any issue. Any report indicating otherwise is simply not true."[64]
Abbas has since confirmed that he turned down an Israeli offer for a Palestinian state on nearly 95% of the West Bank. In September , Olmert had presented him with a map that delineated the borders of the proposed PA state, for which Israel would annex percent of the West Bank and compensate the Palestinians with percent (taken from pre Israel), which Abbas stated he rejected out of hand, insisting instead to demarcate the 4 June borders of Palestine.
He said that Olmert did not give a map of the proposal and that he could not sign without seeing the proposal.
Palestine president abbas biography images
Mahmoud Abbas (Arabic: مَحْمُود عَبَّاس, romanized: Maḥmūd ʿAbbās; born 15 November ), also known by the kunya Abu Mazen (Arabic: أَبُو مَازِن, ʾAbū Māzin), is a Palestinian politician who has been serving as the president of the State of Palestine and the Palestinian National Authority since [6].Abbas also said that he was not an expert on maps and pointed to Olmert's corruption investigation (he was later convicted).[65][66] Abbas said in October that he made a counteroffer to let Israel annex % of the West Bank.[67]
In , Abbas floated the idea of accepting a two-state solution which outlined Palestine as existing within the borders with a capital in East Jerusalem.
In an interview with Israeli Channel 2 TV, Abbas said, "It is my right to see [the Israeli city of Safed], but not to live there."[68] The negative reaction[from whom?] to these words forced Abbas to backpedal.[69]
According to an International Crisis Group report, most Israeli officials "do not see [Abbas] as a peace partner but consider [him] a nonthreatening, violence-abhorring, strategic asset."[70]
In June , Abbas repeated to the European Parliament a false press report that rabbis in Israel were calling for Palestinian wells to be poisoned.[71] Abbas retracted the statement the following day, acknowledging that the claim was not true and stating that he "didn't intend to do harm to Judaism or to offend Jewish people around the world".[72] Israel's prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu said Abbas's statement spread a "blood libel".[72][73]
With Hamas
In May , Abbas gave Hamas a ten-day deadline to accept the ceasefire lines.[74]
In December , Abbas called for new legislative elections, to bring an end to the parliamentary stalemate between Fatah and Hamas in forming a national coalition government.[75]
In March , a unity government was formed incorporating members of both Hamas and Fatah, with Ismail Haniyeh as prime minister and independent politicians taking many key portfolios.
In June , Abbas dissolved the Hamas-led unity government of Haniyeh, declared a state of emergency, and appointed Salam Fayyad in his place. This followed action by Hamas armed forces to take control of Palestinian Authority positions controlled by Fatah militias. The appointment of Fayyad to replace Haniyeh has been challenged as illegal, because under the Palestinian Basic Law, the president may dismiss a sitting prime minister, but may not appoint a replacement without the approval of the Palestinian Legislative Council.
According to the law, until a new prime minister is thus appointed, the outgoing prime minister heads a caretaker government.
Palestine president abbas biography Mahmoud Abbas (Arabic: مَحْمُود عَبَّاس, romanized: Maḥmūd ʿAbbās; born 15 November ), also known by the kunya Abu Mazen (Arabic: أَبُو مَازِن, ʾAbū Māzin), is a Palestinian politician who has been serving as the president of the State of Palestine and the Palestinian National Authority since [6].Fayyad's appointment was never placed before, or approved by the Legislative Council.[citation needed] For this reason, Haniyeh, the Hamas prime minister has continued to operate in Gaza, and is recognised by a large number of Palestinians as the legitimate acting prime minister. Anis al-Qasem, a constitutional lawyer who drafted the Basic Law, is among those who publicly declared Abbas's appointment of Fayyad to be illegal.[76]
In June , the European Union promised to resume direct aid to the Palestinian Authority, and Abbas dissolved the National Security Council, a sticking point in the defunct unity government with Hamas.[77] That same day, the United States decided to end its fifteen-month embargo on the Palestinian Authority and resume aid, attempting to strengthen Abbas's West Bank government.[78] A day later, the Fatah Central Committee cut off all ties and dialogue with Hamas, pending the return of Gaza.[79]
In July , Abbas met with Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh.
Behind the meeting was Turkey's effort to reconcile Fatah with Hamas.[80]
With foreign leaders
In May , he welcomed Pope Benedict XVI to the West Bank, who supported Abbas's goal of a Palestinian State.[81] Also in May , Abbas made a visit to Canada, where he met with foreign affairs ministerLawrence Cannon and Prime MinisterStephen Harper.
The same year Abbas visited Venezuela and met Hugo Chávez.[82]
In February , Abbas visited Japan for the third time as Palestinian president.
In this visit he met Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama. He also visited Hiroshima, the first such visit by a Palestinian leader, and spoke about the suffering of Hiroshima, which he compared to the suffering of the Palestinians.[83]
In July , Abbas accused former U.S. secretary of state Condoleezza Rice of fabricating a conversation between them and denied such a conversation took place.
The specific quote he denied was, "I can't tell four million Palestinians only five thousand of them can go home,"[84][85] regarding the issue of Palestinian refugees. Abbas further said, "I'm not calling her a liar I am saying we never had that conversation."[86] In response, Rice denied that she fabricated it.
Her chief of staff, Georgia Godfrey, wrote, "Dr. Rice stands by her account of the conversation and what she wrote in her book."[87]
In January , Abbas accepted the chairmanship of the United Nations' Group of 77, a coalition of mainly developing nations and China, on behalf of Palestine, which is a non-member observer state of the UN.
He was handed the gavel by Egypt's foreign minister Sameh Shoukry, the outgoing chairman.[88]
Abbas made a state visit to China in , and held talks with President Xi Jinping and met with Premier Li Keqiang.[89]
Criticism and controversy
Corruption allegations
Citing the corruption report by the Coalition for Accountability and Integrity, Al-Monitor characterized corruption in the Palestinian Authority as being "still rampant inside public Palestinian institutions despite the progress during the past year".[90][91]
In , CBS News reported that Yasser Arafat, Abbas's mentor and predecessor, had diverted nearly $1 billion in public funds to "insure his political survival".[92] In a report, the Congressional Research Service characterised the Palestinian public's dissatisfaction with institutional corruption as a factor that contributed to a win by Hamas in the January parliamentary election.
It noted that Fatah leaders had been accused of siphoning funds from ministry budgets, passing out patronage jobs, accepting favors and gifts from suppliers and contractors.[93]
The source for specific allegations against Abbas was one of Arafat's most trusted aides, Mohammed Rashid, accused by the PA of embezzling hundreds of millions of dollars, who threatened to expose corruption scandals in the Palestinian Authority.
For many years, Rashid served as Arafat's financial advisor and was given a free hand to handle hundreds of millions of dollars that were poured on the Palestinian Authority and the PLO by the US, the EU and Arab donors. According to Rashid, Abbas's net worth was US$&#;million.[94]
On 10 July , Abbas and his sons were attacked, in the US Congress, for their alleged corruption.
The debate was entitled Chronic Kleptocracy: Corruption Within the Palestinian Political Establishment.[95] In his testimony before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Middle East and South Asia, Elliott Abrams stated that "Corruption is an insidious destroyer not only of Palestinian public finance but of faith in the entire political system.
Palestine president abbas biography pdf President Mahmoud Abbas, was born in the city of Safad, in November 15th In the aftermath of the Nakbeh (Catastrophe) of Mahmoud Abbas, along with his family and many Palestinians were forced to leave their home town and become refugees in Syria. President Mahmoud Abbas, received his elementary education in Safad.And it has certainly had an impact on potential donors. I can tell you from my own experience, as an American official seeking financial assistance for the PA from Gulf Arab governments, that I was often told 'why should we give them money when their officials will just steal it?'"[96][97]
The conspicuous wealth of Abbas's own sons, Yasser and Tarek, has been noted in Palestinian society since at least , when Reuters first published a series of articles tying the sons to several business deals, including a few that had U.S.
taxpayer support.[98] In a Foreign Policy article, author Jonathan Schanzer suggested four ways in which the Abbas family has become rich. They include monopolies on American-made cigarettes sold in the territories; USAID funding; public works projects, such as road and school construction, on behalf of the Palestinian Authority; and special preferences for retail enterprises.
It was strongly implied that the sons' lineage was the main credential in receiving these contracts.[99]
One of his sons, Yasser Abbas (but not brother Tarek or father Mahmoud), filed a US$10&#;million libel lawsuit in the United States District Court, District of Columbia, in September against Foreign Policy Group LLC and Schanzer alleging "false and defamatory statements.
It seems every statement will be challenged, in a jury trial, if the court accepts jurisdiction."[] Abbas also accused Schanzer of not contacting him for comment and of relying on untrustworthy sources of information. Abbas accused Schanzer of acting with malice and pursuing an agenda against the brothers, even though he also contended that he's a private citizen and not a public figure, so we wouldn't need to prove actual malice to win.[]
Some analysts believed the Abbas family would not proceed with the case as it would allow Foreign Policy and Schanzer to dig in too deep into the PA's secret finances and records.[] However, the case proceeded.
In September , U.S. District Judge Emmet Sullivan dismissed the suit using D.C.'s anti-SLAPP measure. Sullivan determined the lawsuit intended to censor, intimidate, and silence critics by burdening them with the cost of a legal defense until they abandoned their criticisms or opposition.[] The decision has been appealed.[]
As part of the Panama Papers data leak, it was revealed that Abbas's son Tareq Abbas holds US$1 million in shares of an offshore company associated with the Palestinian Authority.[]
In June , hundreds of Palestinians held protests against the Abbas administration's corruption and brutality in central Ramallah (including one held at the president's headquarters) after anti-corruption activist Nizar Banat died in government custody.[]
One of the common claims made by detractors against his government is that it works effectively as a subcontractor for the Israeli government; in spite of his strong verbal criticism of the Israeli government, there is widespread disdain for his administration within the Palestinian Authority.[]
Published works and statements about the Holocaust
Main article: The Other Side: the Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism
The Connection between the Nazis and the Leaders of the Zionist Movement – is the title of Abbas's CandSc thesis, which was completed in at the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, and defended at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Soviet Academy of dissertation and book discussed topics such as the Haavara Agreement, in which the Jewish Agency signed a pact with Nazi Germany to facilitate Jewish emigration to Palestine.[19][] Some content of his thesis has been considered as Holocaust denial by some Jewish groups,[] especially where he disputed the accepted number of Jews murdered in the Holocaust and claimed Zionist agitation had been the cause of the Holocaust.[]
In , he published a book titled "The Other Side: the Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism" (Arabic: Al-Wajh al-Ākhar: Al-'Alāqat aL-Sirriyya bayn al-Nāzīyya wa al-Sahyūniyya